In the closely watched election dispute known as Watson v. Republican National Committee, the high court split 5 to 4 in finding that Mississippi’s measure does not conflict with federal statutes that set Election Day as the Tuesday after the first Monday in November in certain years.
Justice Amy Coney Barrett authored the majority opinion, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the three liberal justices to uphold Mississippi’s law.
“The Framers recognized the difficulty of crafting election laws ‘applicable to every probable change in the situation of the country.’ So instead of constitutionalizing election law, they decided that ‘a discretionary power over elections’ needed to be lodged ‘somewhere,'” Barrett wrote. “Suffice it to say, that power was not lodged in this Court. The election-day statutes say nothing about ballot receipt, and we cannot add to the words Congress chose.”
With the November midterm elections just months away, the case threatened to upend similar laws in more than a dozen states that allow ballots that arrive after the day of the election to be tallied.
Barrett wrote for the majority that federal election laws require voters to make their choice on Election Day, which happens as long as Election Day is the deadline for voting, like it is in Mississippi.
“But the election-day statutes do not set a deadline for ballot receipt, so they do not prevent Mississippi from counting ballots postmarked before election day yet received afterward,” she said.
President Trump frequently criticizes mail voting, claiming without evidence that it leads to election fraud, and he has attempted to unilaterally curtail the practice. His administration backed the challenge to Mississippi’s law brought by the RNC, arguing that Election Day is the day the ballot box closes, and when election officials must have all ballots.
All 50 states require ballots to be marked and submitted by the day of the election. But in 14 states and the District of Columbia, election officials will accept and count mail ballots that are postmarked by Election Day but received after that day. Twenty-nine states and D.C. allow at least some military and overseas ballots to be received after Election Day.
Under the Mississippi law at issue in the case, ballots received up to five days after the election are tallied so long as they were postmarked by Election Day.
The case is one of four involving elections that the Supreme Court heard in its current term. In January, the court revived a Republican congressman’s lawsuit that challenged Illinois’ law for counting late-arriving ballots, though its decision was procedural. The Supreme Court’s conservative majority also weakened a key provision of the Voting Rights Act, setting off a redistricting scramble in some Southern states just as primary season got underway.
The high court is also weighing a significant campaign finance case involving the legality of federal caps on the amount of money a political committee can spend in coordination with a candidate.
The dispute over Mississippi’s law dates back to 2024, when the Republican National Committee and Mississippi’s Libertarian Party filed lawsuits challenging the ballot-receipt deadline. The parties argued that federal statutes enacted in the 1800s, which set a uniform day for the election for president and Congress, require ballots to be received by the day. Mississippi’s grace period, they said, was in conflict with those laws.
A U.S. district court upheld Mississippi’s five-day deadline for late-arriving ballots, but the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit found that federal law preempts the state’s law. The Supreme Court’s ruling Monday reversed that decision.
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